The History of The World

The History Of The World

 

Research into the history of the world, as undeniable in the history of society, exists in many societies of the world. However, the earliest forms of world history were not found in the whole world and were confined to places known to the ancients.

 

In Ancient China, the history of the Chinese, Chinese, and East Asian peoples was based on the wording cycle that Sima Qian mentioned about 100 BC. Sima Qian's model relies upon the Mandate of Heaven. The rulers rose to prominence when they joined China, and at that time, they were dissolved while the culture of the decision was corrupted. Each new line begins with cleverness and firmness, yet at the same time decay, it has resulted in the exchange of the Zulu system for another ruler. The fair trial of another dictatorship is an accomplishment to China's obedience and the sages associated with it. For 2000 years Sima Qian model scrapped the grant, although the dynastic cycle is rarely used in modern Chinese history.

 

In Ancient Greece, Herodotus (fifth century BC), as the writer of Greek history, [10] introduced the traditions, geography, and history of the Mediterranean peoples, especially the Egyptians. Thucydides of that time shattered Herodotus' approach to history, presenting a more accurate, more focused text, not dealing with major backgrounds in the long run but rather in the 27-year war between Athens and Sparta. In Rome, Livy's great, enthusiastic Roman history (59 BC - 17 AD) measured the involvement of Herodotean; Polybius (c.200-c.118 BC) sought to reconcile the unchanging accuracy of Thucydides with that of Herodotus.

 

Rashīd al-Dīn Fadhl-allāh Hamadānī (1247-1318), was a Persian physician of Jewish origin, a polymathic writer, and an antiquarian, who invented the great Islamic history, Jami al-Tawarikh, in the Persian language, often regarded as history. a landmark in cultural history and a critical record for the Ilkhanids (thirteenth and fourteenth centuries). His extensive knowledge of the wide range of societies from Mongolia to China to the Steppes of Central Eurasia to Persia, the Arabic-speaking regions, and Europe provides a much more immediate acceptance of the data of the late Mongol era. His paintings also show how the Mongol Empire and its dominance in trade brought about a strong social order and a period of scholars, which brought about the transfer of a large group of thinkers from East to West and so on.

 

A Muslim scholar, Ibn Khaldun (1332-1409) broke away from conservativism and gave a model of recorded transformation to Muqaddimah, the subject of a logical historical strategy. Ibn Khaldun participated in the explanations for the rise and fall of progress, arguing that the reasons for change should be considered in the financial and social structure. His work was largely ignored in the Islamic world.

 

Early modern

 

During the Renaissance in Europe, history was written about regions or nations. The investigation of history changed during the Enlightenment and Romanticism. Voltaire described a period that he viewed as important, not as a sequence of events. History turned into a free discipline. It was no longer called Philosophy, but only history. Voltaire, in the 18th century, attempted to reform the history of the world. First, Voltaire concluded that the traditional teaching of history was flawed. The Christian Church, one of the most powerful organizations in his day, provided a framework for studying history. Voltaire, in writing The History of Charles XII (1731) and The Age of Louis XIV (1751), instead chose to focus on economics, politics, and culture. These elements of history were not explored by the people of his time and will develop into their parts of world history. Above all, Voltaire considered truth to be the most important part of world history. Only nationalism and religion had strayed from the pure truth, so Voltaire freed himself from its influence when writing history.

 

Giambattista Vico (1668-1744) in Italy wrote Scienza Nuova's second (New Science) in 1725, which contradicted history as a manifestation of human will and actions. He assumed that humans are an integral part of human history and that the human condition is subject to change over time. Each era should be marked by the fact that all aspects of culture — art, religion, philosophy, politics, and economics — are intertwined (a point recently developed by Oswald Spengler). Vico pointed out that fairy tales, poems, and art are places to discover the true spirit of the culture. Vico described the vision of historical development in which major cultures, such as Rome, underwent cycles of growth and decline. His ideas were not in vogue at the time of the Enlightenment but were influenced by Romantic history after 1800.

 

The foundation of the great theater of world history was given to the German philosopher G. W. F. Hegel, who saw the modern world of Prussia as the latest (though often confused with the most advanced) stage of world development.

 

G.W.F. Hegel developed three lenses that he believed were world history. Documents produced during the historical period, such as journal entries and contractual contracts, were considered by Hegel as part of the original history. These texts are produced by a person who is enshrined in a particular culture, which creates important information channels but also limits his or her knowledge of the situation. Documents relating to Hegel's Early History were classified by modern historians as the main sources.

 

Reflective History, Hegel's second lens, is a short-lived text that separates the subject discussed from academic writing. What narrowed the lens, according to Hegel, was the author's exposé of values ​​and ideas about a historical event. This historical criticism of the memory was later made officially by Anthropologist Franz Boa and named as Cultural relativism by Alain Locke. Both of these lenses were considered partially flawed by Hegel.

 

Hegel invented a lens that encouraged him to view world history as a history of philosophy. To look at the history of this lens, one has to analyze events, civilizations, and times properly. If this was done, the historian would have to guess at the context of the text. This lens is unique because it has no cultural bias and takes a historical approach. Earth History can be a broad topic, so focusing on extracting the most important information from time to time may be the most rewarding way. This third lens, as Hegel's description of the other two, has contributed to the study of history at the beginning of modern times and in our day.

 

Another modern-day historian was Adam Ferguson. Ferguson's great contribution to the study of world history was his article An Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767). [20] According to Ferguson, world history was a blend of two forms of history. One was natural history; features of our God-created world. One, the most revolutionary, was social history. For him, social history was a milestone in the history of mankind, thus fulfilling God's purpose for mankind. He believed that development, which could not be achieved by people pursuing commercial success, would bring us closer to a perfect society; but we could not reach one. However, he also pointed out that total commitment to commercial success could lead to the collapse of society - as happened in Rome — because people would loose morals. Through this lens, Ferguson viewed the history of the world as a struggle for humanity to achieve a just society.

 

Henry Home, Lord Kames was a philosopher during the Enlightenment and contributed to the study of world history. In his extensive history book, Sketches on the History of Man, Home's account describes four stages in human history. The first and oldest stage were small groups of hunters. Then, to form larger groups, people switched to the second stage when they started raising animals. The third phase was agricultural development. This new technology has established trade and high levels of cooperation between large groups of people. With the recruitment of people to pets, laws and social obligations need to be improved to maintain order. The fourth and final phase involved people moving to market cities and seaports where agriculture could not be concentrated. Instead, commerce and other forms of work arouse public interest. By describing sections of human history, Homes influenced his followers. He also contributed to the development of other subjects such as sociology and anthropology.

the doctrine of Marxian history is the only one accepted, and it restricted research to different ways of thinking on history. Notwithstanding, followers of Marx's hypotheses contend that Stalin mutilated Marxism.

 

Contemporary

 

The history of the world became a popular genre in the 20th century and the history of the universe. By the 1920s, several traders were dealing with world history, including Hendrik Willem van Loon's The Story of Mankind (1921) and H's Outline of History (1918). G. Wells. Influential writers who reached out to a large audience included H. G. Wells. Toynbee, Pitirim Sorokin, Carroll Quigley, Christopher Dawson, [34] and Lewis Mumford. Experts working in the field include Eric Voegelin, William Hardy McNeill, and Michael Mann. With advancing technology such as dating methods and laser experimental technology called LiDAR, modern historians can access new information that changes how ancient civilizations are studied.

 

Spengler's Decline of the West (2 vol 1919-1922) compared nine natural cultures: Egypt (3400-1200 BC), Aztec (AD 1300–1500), Arabian (AD 300–1250), Mayan (AD 600–960), and Western (AD 900–1900). His book was a success among philosophers around the world, who foretold the collapse of European and American development after the vicious "Caesar's era," contradicting detailed values ​​and other civilizations. It deepened the post-World War I climate in Europe, and it was warmly welcomed by the intellectuals of China, India, and Latin America who hoped that his predictions of the fall of European powers would soon be fulfilled.

 

In 1936–1954, Toynbee's ten-volume book A Study of History came out in three separate editions. He followed Spengler in taking a comparative approach to private communities. Toynbee said they showed remarkable similarities in their origin, growth, and decay. Toynbee has rejected the biological model of Spengler's civilization as living beings with a typical life span of 1,000 years. Like Sima Qian, Toynbee described the decline as a result of their moral failures. Many readers rejoice at his assertion (Vv. 1–6) that only a return to a certain form of Catholicism could stop the collapse of the western civilization that began with the Reformation. Volumes 7–10, published in 1954, left a message on religion, and his popular audience diminished as scholars distinguished his errors.

 

McNeill wrote The Rise of the West (1963) to advance to Toynbee by showing how the different Eurasian civilizations interacted from the beginning of its history, borrowing valuable skills from each other, and thus making further transformation as a transition between ancient and ancient. to borrow new information and make it necessary. McNeill has taken a broad approach to co-operation with people around the world. Such interactions have become more numerous and more frequent and stronger in recent times. Before 1500, the network of intercultural communication was Eurasia. The term for these places of co-operation varies from one world historian to another and includes a global system and ecumene. The importance of this cultural connection has begun to be recognized by many scholars.