The History of Turkey

 

The History of Turkey

 

Turkey's historical background, which is understood as the regional history of the current Republic of the Republic of Turkey, covers your history in both Anatolia (the Asian Asian episode) and the Eastern Thrace (the European European episode). These two political centers were firmly rooted in the Roman Empire in the second century BCE, and they later became the center of the Roman-Byzantine Empire. In pre-Ottoman times, a distinction must be made between the history of Turkish groups and the history of the countries that make up the present Republic of Turkey. [1] [2] Since parts of what is now Turkey were conquered by the Seljuq dictatorship, Turkish history cuts across the medieval history of the Seljuk Empire, ancient history to the present history of the Ottoman Empire, and the history of the Republic of Turkey since then. in the 1920s.

The Anatolian settlement follows back to the Paleolithic. The oldest representation of culture in Anatolia was Stone Age curios. Extraordinary artifacts from the Paleolithic period have been tracked down and dispersed in Anatolia, and many are now housed in the Anatolian Civilizations Museum in Ankara, the Archaeological Museum in Antalya, and other Turkish organizations.

 

Progress of the Bronze Age first appeared in Anatolia in the first millennium BC. An ancient archaeological discovery in Anatolia can be found in a few archeological sites in the central and eastern parts of the region. Extraordinary Stone Age artifacts, for example, fossils and fossils were found in Burdur (north of Antalya). Although the origins of the ancient peoples are shrouded in mystery, the remnants of the Bronze Age development, such as the Hattian, the Akkadian Empire, the Assyrians, and the Hittites, provide us with many of the daily events of the daily processes of its inhabitants and their own. exchange. After the fall of the Hittites, the new Greek provinces of Phrygia and Lydia formed the west coast as Greek Aegean civilization began to flourish.

 

Anatolia and Thrace in ancient style

 

The traditional history of Anatolia (Asia Minor) can be traced back to the ancient style and Hellenistic Anatolia, completing the conquest of the Roman Empire in the second century BCE.

 

After the fall of the Hittites, the new provinces of Phrygia and Lydia remained firmly established on the west coast as Greek development progressed. They, along with the rest of Anatolia, soon after the reunion of the Persian Achaemenid Empire.

 

As Persia gained power, their local government system in Anatolia allowed many port cities to develop and prosper. The whole of Anatolia was divided into separate satrapies, held by satraps (leading representatives) appointed by the Persian emperors. The main term called Armenia by close-knit groups was the state of the Armenian Orontid line, which included parts of eastern Turkey from the sixth century BC, which became the Armenian Satrapy under Achaemenid rule. Part of the satrap rebelled from time to time but did not represent a real danger. In the fifth century BC, Darius I built a royal road, which connected the city of Susa with the western city of Sardis in Sardis. [4]

 

Anatolia played a vital role in the history of Achaemenid. At the beginning of the fifth century BC, part of the Ionian urban areas under Persian rule rebelled, culminating in the Ionian Revolt. This revolt, after being overthrown by the Persian Empire, laid a direct foundation for the Greco-Persian Wars, which eventually became one of the most important conflicts in European history.

 

The reign of the Achaemenid Persian in Anatolia culminated in the conquest of Alexander the Great, who defeated Darius III somewhere between 334 and 330 BCE Alexander has relinquished power from Persia in the ongoing war. After Alexander's death, his conquests were divided among the few that he trusted in his commanders, yet they were in constant danger of being invaded by the Gauls and other powerful rulers at Pergamum, Pontus, and Egypt. The Seleucid Empire, the largest province of Alexander's empire, which included Anatolia, became embroiled in a bitter conflict with Rome after the war in Thermopylae and Magnesia. The subsequent Treaty of Apamea (188 BC) saw the Seleucids withdraw from Anatolia. The kingdom of Pergamum and the Republic of Rhodes, allied with Rome in this conflict, were allowed by the former Seleucid territories in Anatolia.

 

Roman occupation of Anatolia was reinforced by the Roman 'escape,' which allowed local authorities to direct and provide military insurance. In the middle of the fourth century, Constantine the Great placed another emphasis on governance in Constantinople, and before the end of the fourth century, the Roman empire was divided into two parts, the Eastern part (Romania) and Constantinople as its capital, referred to by the elders. Byzantine Empire from its original name, Byzantium.

 

Thrace

 

The Thracian was an assembly of Indo-European tribes occupying large areas of Central and Southeast Europe. They were organized by the Scythians in the north, the Celts and the Illyrians in the west, and the ancient Greeks to the south and the Black Sea in the east. They communicate in the Thracian language - an unconfirmed part of the Indo-European language family. The investigation of the Thracians and the Thracian culture is known as Theology.

Beginning about 1200 BC, the west coast of Anatolia was heavily inhabited by Aeolian and Ionian Greeks. A variety of important urban areas were established by these pioneers, for example, Miletus, Ephesus

 

Byzantine Period

 

The Achaemenid empire of Persia fell to Alexander the Great in 334 BC, which led to increased cultural similarity and Hellenization in the region. After Alexander died in 323 BC, Anatolia was then divided into several smaller Greek empires, all of which became part of the Roman Republic in the middle of the first century BC. The Greek procession that began with Alexander's conquest accelerated under Roman rule, and by the early centuries AD, the local Anatolian languages ​​and cultures had disappeared, replacing ancient Greek language and culture.

 

In 324, Constantine I chose Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire, renamed it New Rome. After the death of Theodosius I in 395 and the permanent division of the Roman Empire between his two sons, the city, known as Constantinople, became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. This, later called historians by the Byzantine Empire, dominated much of what is now Turkey until the end of the Middle Ages, [20] while the rest of the world remained in Sassanid Persian hands.

 

Between the 3rd and 7th centuries AD, Byzantines and neighboring Sassanids often clashed over the occupation of Anatolia, which weakened both empires, thus opening the way for the ultimate conquest of Muslims from both southern kingdoms.

 

The early history of the Turks

 

Historians generally agree that the first Turks lived in a region stretching from Central Asia to Siberia. It is historically established after the 6th century BCE. The first diverse Turks originated in the Xiongnu confederation region around 200 B.C (then also the Han Dynasty of China). The first mention of the Turks was in Chinese text about the trade between the Turkish and Sogdian tribes along the Silk Road.

 

It has been repeatedly suggested that the Xiongnu, mentioned in records of the Han Dynasty, were Proto-Turkic speakers.

 

The Huila tribes of Attila, who invaded and conquered much of Europe in the 5th century, were probably Turks and descendants of Xiongnu. Some scholars argue that the Hun was one of the first Turkic tribes, while others argue that they were originally from Mongolia.

 

In the 6th century, some 400 years after the fall of the northern power of Xiongnu in Inner Asia, the leadership of the Turkic tribes was taken over by the Göktürk. Earlier in the Xiongnu movement, the Göktürk inherited their culture and management skills. From 552 to 745, the Göktürk leadership united the Turkic tribes roaming the Göktürk Empire. The name is derived from gok, "blue" or "heavenly". Unlike its predecessor Xiongnu, the Göktürk Khanate had its temporary khanates from the Ashina family who were under the control of the tribal council. The Khanate retained the characteristics of its original shamanistic religion, Tengriism, although it acquired Buddhist monastic missionaries and practiced a harmonious religion. The Göktürks were the first Turkish people to write the Old Turkic in the runic text, the Orkhon text. The Khanate also became the first empire known as the "Turk". Toward the end of this century, the Göktürks Khanate was split; that is, Eastern Turkic Khaganate and Western Turkic Khaganate. The Tang Empire defeated Eastern Turkic Khaganate in 630 and Western Turkic Khaganate by 657 in a series of military campaigns. However, in 681 the canal was renewed. The Göktürks eventually collapsed as a result of a series of major conflicts, but the term "Turk" was later adopted by many provinces and peoples.

 

The Turkic peoples and related groups migrated west from Turkestan and now Mongolia to Eastern Europe, the Iranian Plateau, Anatolia, and modern-day Turkey by many waves. The date of the initial expansion is unknown. After many wars, they established their own country and later formed the Ottoman Empire. The great migration took place in ancient times when it spread throughout Asia and Europe and the Middle East. They also participated in the Crusades.

 

Seljuk Empire

 

The Seljuq Turkmens formed a medieval empire that controlled much of the Hindu Kush from eastern Anatolia and from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. From their vicinity of the Aral Sea, the Seljuqs first entered Khorasan and then into Persia before conquering eastern Anatolia.

 

The kingdom of Seljuq / Seljuk was founded by Tughril Beg (1016-1063) in 1037. Tughril was raised by his grandfather, Seljuk-Beg Seljuk, who gave his name to both the Seljuk dynasty and the Seljuk dynasty. Seljuq included the scattered political situation in the eastern part of the Islamic world and played a key role in the first and second world wars. As Persia is deeply involved in culture and language, the Seljuq also plays a key role in promoting Turkish-Persian culture, even exporting Persian culture to Anatolia.

 

Ottoman Empire

 

The first Ottoman beylik capital was in Bursa in 1326. Edirne conquered in 1361 [35] was the next capital city. After much expansion in Europe and Anatolia, in 1453, the Ottomans almost completed the conquest of the Byzantine Empire by capturing their capital, Constantinople during the reign of Mehmed II. Constantinople was made the capital of the Empire after Edirne. The Ottoman Empire would continue to expand into East Anatolia, Central Europe, the Caucasus, North, and East Africa, the Mediterranean islands, the Greater Syria, Mesopotamia, and Arabia in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries.

The power and prestige of the Ottoman Empire reached their climax in the 16th and 17th centuries, especially during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. The empire often clashed with the Holy Roman Empire in its slow progress toward Central Europe through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Moreover, the Ottomans were often fighting against Persia over territorial disputes, which allowed them to inherit the Renaissance Timurid. At sea, the empire opposed the Holy See, consisting of Habsburg Spain, the Republic of Venice, and the Knights of St. Petersburg. John, to rule the Mediterranean. In the Indian Ocean, the Ottoman navy often confronted Portuguese ships to defend their traditional rule overseas trade routes between East Asia and Western Europe; these routes faced new competition and the Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488.

 

The Karlowitz Treaty in 1699 marked the beginning of the decline of the Ottoman Empire; other areas were lost through the treaty: Austria gained all of Hungary and Transylvania except Banat; Venice conquered much of Dalmatia and Morea (the Peloponnesus peninsula in southern Greece); Poland also acquired Podolia. Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Ottoman Empire continued to lose its territories, including Greece, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and the Balkans during the 1912-1913 Balkan wars. Anatolia remained relatively ethnic until the turn of the 20th century (see Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire). Its inhabitants were of various nationalities, including Turks, Armenians, Assyrians, Kurds, Greeks, French, and Italians (especially in Genoa and Venice). Faced with the loss of territories on both sides, the Ottoman Empire under the rule of the three Parthians allied with Germany, which supported the military and equipment. The Ottoman Empire entered World War I (1914-1918) on the side of the Central Powers and eventually lost. [38] After World War I, the great ecosystem that included the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new provinces. [39]

 

On October 30, 1918, the Armistice of Mudros was signed, following the suspension of the Treaty of Sèvres on August 10, 1920, by Allied Powers, which was not ratified. The Treaty of Sèvres would break up the Ottoman Empire and force greater unification in the realm of the Empire in favor of Greece, Italy, Britain, and France.

 

Republic of Turkey

 

The occupation of other parts of the Allies after World War I led to the formation of the Turkish national organization. Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal, a military commander who rose to prominence during the Gallipoli War, the Turkish Revolutionary War was waged to rescind the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres. On September 18, 1922, the guerrilla forces were deported. On November 1, the newly formed parliament officially dissolved the Sultanate, thus ending 623 years of Ottoman rule. The Treaty of Lausanne, dated July 24, 1923, led to the international recognition of the newly formed "Republic of Turkey", following the Ottoman Empire, and the Republic was officially declared on October 29, 1923. The new capital, Ankara. Mustafa Kemal became the first President of the Turkish republic and later introduced many radical changes aimed at establishing the new Republic of Republic from the remnants of the Ottoman past. The Ottoman fez was abolished, the full political rights of women were established, and a new Turkish script was developed based on the Latin alphabet. [41] According to the Family Names Act, the Turkish parliament gave Mustafa Kemal the honorary title "Atatürk" (Turkish Father) in 1934.

Turkey remained neutral during World War II (1939-45) but signed a treaty with Britain in October 1939 stating that Britain would defend Turkey if Germany invaded. The attack was threatened in 1941 but did not happen and Ankara rejected German requests to allow troops to cross their borders into Syria or the USSR. Germany had been its main trading partner before the war, and Turkey continued to do business with both sides. It bought arms on both sides. The Allies are trying to stop the purchase of German chrome (used to make a better metal). Since 1942 the Allies have provided military assistance. Turkish leaders negotiated with Roosevelt and Churchill at the Cairo Conference in November 1943 and promised to go to war. In August 1944, as Germany neared defeat, Turkey severed ties. In February 1945, it declared war on Germany and Japan, a symbolic move that allowed Turkey to join the United Nations

 

Meanwhile, relations with Moscow worsened, setting the stage for the first Cold War. The Soviet Union's demands on military bases in the Turkish Straits prompted the United States to declare Truman Doctrine in 1947. The doctrine exposed American intentions to ensure the security of Turkey and Greece and resulted in US military and economic liberation. support.

 

After joining the United Nations forces in the Korean War, Turkey joined NATO in 1952, becoming a stronghold of the Soviet occupation of the Mediterranean. After ten years of international violence on the island of Cyprus and the military overthrow of Greek troops in July 1974, the overthrow of President Makarios, and the overthrow of Nikos Sampson, Turkey invaded the Republic of Cyprus in 1974. Nine years later the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus) (TRNC) was founded. Turkey is the only country receiving TRNC

 

The one-party era was followed by multi-party democracy after 1945. Turkey's democracy was hampered by a military coup d'état in 1960, 1971, and 1980. In 1984, the PKK began a revolt against the Turkish government; The conflict, which has killed more than 40,000 people, continues to this day. Since the liberation of Turkey in the 1980s, the country has enjoyed strong economic growth and strong political stability.